Eastern philosophy is divided from the regional characteristics of the concept of philosophy.
Western philosophy is to have the same history of traditional systems and unified
concept of a unified system of philosophy, Eastern philosophy this concept does not refer to a system of philosophy, but referred to China, India, Japan, philosophy and Islamic philosophy. Although the history of mutual exchanges and images, but they are all independent of doctrine. Accurate to say, The
Oriental philosophy should be called the
Oriental philosophy .
The Oriental philosophy include: Chinese philosophy, Indian philosophy, Islamic philosophy, 4 Japanese philosophy and other East Asian countries philosophical.
The philosophy of the Chinese nation . It is dedicated to the research world
primitive and ancient and modern history of the evolution of the law, to form their own unique national characteristics of
natural concept ,
view of history , ethics,
epistemology and
methodology .
The history of the development of Chinese Philosophy
Chinese philosophy about Sprout in
Yin week on the occasion of the formation in the late
Spring and Autumn Period and
the Warring States era of prosperity there has been lively debate. Some 3,000 years of history of the development of the Chinese philosophy can be broadly divided into
pre-Qin philosophy , the philosophy of the Qin and Han dynasties, the philosophy of the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties,
Sui and Tang dynasties, philosophy, the philosophy of the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, modern and contemporary philosophy.
Pre-Qin
That began in the summer on behalf of the stop at the the Chinese Philosophy former Qin Dynasty. Height to
the philosophers of the Warring States period . To Heaven, ancient and modern, Knowledge and the focus of the discussion of the name of the real for the study. Important page in the history of the development of philosophy.
①
Cosmic View . That is the fundamental point of view on the origin of the world. Because it revolves around a different understanding of the days, and Heaven and expand the debate over the so called Cosmic View. Pre-Qin factions philosophical concept according to their own Heaven argument. Supplier ruler of the day personification, regarded as the supreme god, known as the "Emperor" or "God". Worship, conquest, hunting, the behavior so act of divination results showed
idealism worldview . Shangshu Hongfan to "records Yin sage remarks, on the one hand, to retain the Shang believed in the concept of God, at the same time that the five acts of the world's five basic substances
naive materialism ingredients. About early Bagua concepts generated in the "Book of Changes" Yin and Shang Dynasties systematic, dry (days), Kun (ground), earthquake (Ray), Sunda (wind), Hom (water) from the (fire), Gen (Mountain), against (Ze) the eight basic natural phenomena illustrate the link between the generation of the universe, and everything and change mysterious form contains a wealth of simple dialectics thought. The West Zhou Mieyan put forward the concept of "destiny", the primary Zhang Jingde Baomin to a certain extent in order to comply with the mandate of heaven, recognize human. Weeks too Shibo Yang parent to the run of the yin and yang of the gas indicates that earthquake phenomenon; proposed the Zheng Guo politicians sub production "Heaven is far, humanitarian Wani" This shows that the the naive materialism thinking further development. The late Spring and Autumn Confucius certainly destiny, but at the same time less words Heaven, advocated the "ghosts while much of. The Warring States early Mozi against destiny, but advocate Heaven. I categorically denied days highest dominate, that the nature of the world is the Road, also says that "all things are born, not born", although still controversial academic I "Road" and "no" meaning, I view, after all, the Chinese philosophical thinking on the origin of the world greatly forward step. After Mencius and Zhuangzi inherit and develop the thinking of Confucius and Lao Tzu. "Yi" advocate Tai Chi for the primitive of heaven and earth, "metaphysical Road that the metaphysical referred to as" the proposition; "
tube "stressed" essence said "the days of substance; the Xunzi certainly" day trip often, "and proposed" destiny and use of the system; Han Fei inherited I, Xunzi thought, I said transformation. Above view of the pre-Qin materialistic thinking to develop further. Associated with Cosmic View, the Qin Dynasty also has a rich dialectic thinking, Confucius "at both ends" and "too far" point of view, against the one-sidedness. I advocated "Counter moving, see the antithesis of interdependence and mutual transformation. "Yi" "life and life of the so-called easy", "yin and yang of the so-called Road" sure things antithesis interaction is the development of things, mutual transformation of opposites is the general rule.
(2)
humanitarian outlook . About life and to live by the fundamental point of view. Relative to the view of heaven, it's called a humanitarian outlook. It is also the pre-Qin philosophical concerns an important issue. With the formation of the Zhou Dynasty in Germany with days "thinking and West weekend days the suspect thought the spread, the rise of the concept of a focus on personnel. Zi Chan stressed the importance of humanitarian. Confucius proposed the doctrine of "love" and "Kejifuli Ren-centric content. The Mozi advocate "love and poor", to promote "universal love, Mutual Benefit". I oppose specific moralizing advocates "inaction", "Bao Pu" is the ideal life. Mencius that "Wisdom" on the basis of the doctrine of Confucius "benevolence", and investigate the problem of human nature, the goodness of. The contemporary Gaozi proposition "no good nor poor also. Xunzi opposed to the views of Mencius advocated the evil nature of humans. Zhuangzi play I inaction thinking, that "no days off" against the involvement in the world, the pursuit of "Happy" in the spiritual realm.
③
ancient and modern outlook . That view of history. Spring and Autumn previous view of history of Chinese philosophy, the basic form of the Manifest Destiny that born under China, the mandate of the monarch governing the people, social order and disorder depends on the monarch heaven and people. West weekend a dramatic change to the community, it is ancient and modern history, especially the problem of the formation of many new insights. Boyang parent that the natural changes in the environment will affect the social and economic conditions under which predicted that the Western Zhou Dynasty to perish. A hundred schools of thought, Confucianism recognize the historical changes, but stressed that the inheritance relationship between the past and present. Confucius investigated conventionalism and profit or loss of the ceremony, noted that the social changes of the ceremony, upholding ZHULI; Mencius understanding of the development of society as a governance transformation process of chaos, certainly kings of the universality of the Road; Xunzi advocated " law after the king ", but also that the old king after the king has always been the road. The Mohist emphasis on historical experience, advocates "present in the ancient sage thing. Taoist beautify "small country" ancient society, advocates Discarding Knowledge, retro retrogression. Legalism and Confucianism and Road Zhu Jia stressed the ancient and modern unchanged. Shangyang that history can be divided into the upper middle and lower III, the Han Fei thus advocate "World different things different," things different for change "proposed an evolutionary view of history.
(4)
Knowledge and Practice . That epistemology. As theoretical thinking, raising the level of awareness of the problem has been caused by the pre-Qin philosophers from different angles, they explore the understanding of the sources, understanding the process and knowledge. Confucius recognized "born with knowledge by, but the emphasis on" learning with knowledge. And re-learning of thinking, knowing and line. The Mozi proposed the three tables, to judge the standard of the rhetoric of right and wrong. Mencius, the difference between the "eyes and ears of the officials" and the "heart of the concept of" different functions, and pointed out that the heart official thinking "," thought is was the ". I distinguish between "learning" and "Road" negative emotional experience, proposed "caused by virtual pole keep static Benedict" understanding. Late Mohist heard about, "said" to know "pro-known" and noted that their respective characteristics and role in the understanding of understanding is divided into. Xunzi more in-depth study of the sources and methods of understanding. Pay attention not only to the dynamic role of perceptual and positive thinking, summarizes the epistemology of the Qin Dynasty.
⑤
name real concept . That is the fundamental point of view on the name and reality or concept really. The face of contrary to the name of the real reality in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius advocated "name", stressed the principle of courtesy to do worthy of the name, and honor. Mozi advocated its name, its take also "focus in the grasp of the thing itself. I put forward the name of the relative, that abideth nameless. The Zhuangzi thus advocate "Avenue", but that name, false Bin "certainly real name decision. Famous are different from the contract and the relationship between the two aspects of argumentation concept from the Kennedy White with specific things, analysis of the similarities and differences between things and their concepts. Late Mohist concept into up to names, class names, private names, and that they reflect real different range. Xunzi proposed "system name refers to the real, the names into a large common name, aliases and alias name real mess performance, on the name of the real issues were discussed in detail.
Heaven, gas, tai chi, yin and yang, Tao Qin Dynasty, movement, or without, the changing, mind and matter, the name of the real important philosophical category, become the basis of the development of the Qin and Han dynasties, Chinese philosophy.
Qin and Han
Qin Jianli unified, centralized state, advocating Legalist thinking "method to teach, Officials as Teachers" the philosophical thinking almost no development. Remember the early Han Dynasty perished lessons, ease the contradiction, recuperate, Huang-Lao school was very popular. With the development of the socio-political and economic situation, the Han Dynasty, "to abandon 100, Only Confucianism, Confucianism gradually become the ruling ideology. The subsequent school Divination rise, Wang Chong et al anyway Orthodoxy. The late Eastern Han Dynasty, the introduction of Buddhism, Taoism rise frequent social crisis, philosophy presents complex new situation. The philosophy of the Han Dynasty mainly around the harmony of the relationship between human and nature, the universe was formed, Form and Spirit, as well as ancient and modern, user-friendly issues.
To ① Heaven relations.
Han Wudi for consolidation of feudal rule, to argumentation the Confucian Gangchanglunli absolute need, Dong Zhongshu to Confucianism cases, absorb the yin and yang theory between nature and man theory. Days to 100 God of Maharaja Heaven Vice similar people the number of days between nature and man. Extending Monarch "advocate" Qu China, "Qu Jun extending days." Interaction between heaven and theory-based popular in the Han Dynasty Divination school. Wang Chong represented by progressive thinkers Heaven natural point of view, the theory of interaction between heaven and Divination learn critical.
② universe generated. Insights about the universe generated on the basis of the pre-Qin view of heaven, the Han Dynasty philosopher. The Huainanzi "Road began in imaginary Kuo, virtual Kuo students universe, cosmic angry, gas is divided into heaven and earth. "Book chisel too easily, there was in the beginning, too start, too factors also. Too easily no gas is also the primordial gas is the beginning, too beginning shaped the beginning, too vegetarians quality of the beginning. " Han Dynasty philosophy generally use the concept of the "vitality" of the formation of the universe. Dong Zhongshu mentioned cis "vitality; the Wang Chong that the heavens and the earth" all the intrinsic vitality "; Ho Hugh said:" vitality, invisible to starting, tangible in minutes. "Late Western Han Jing Fang to learn form to explain the universe as number the formation of new insights.
(3) the relationship between form and spirit. Pre-Qin philosophy has been discussion of the physical relationship of God, "pipe" the days out fine, and its shape ", Xunzi" shaped with but born of God ". Han Dynasty philosophy to continue the discussion on the body and the soul, physiological and psychological relations, Huan Tan asked the candle metaphor that "spiritual home body, like a fire contingent (burning) candle tide," candle, the fire also not lone in the void. " Wang Chong proposition that "the essence of the reason why people living" for the refined gas by blood, dead blood dried up, dried up while the refined gas off ". He also explained by demonstrating died not ghosts truth. Han Dynasty philosophical discussion on the relationship of shape God the later materialist philosophy shaped the development of the concept of God has had a positive impact.
④ past to present. Slips of Qin, but more attention to summing up the historical experience. Sima Qian said through past to present. The Han Dynasty scholar's understanding of the very different. Dong Zhongshu advocate history in the form Santong cycle changes, but essentially "the day unchanged, said also unchanged" that dynasties is providence. The Huainanzi think that the history of the system should be changed from time to time, it should be appropriate, do not have to waste the kings of the Road, also do not have law and ancient. Yang Xiong history there have leather, "due to, otherwise the leather. Sima Qian denied Heaven know, trying to explain the history of the changes from the personnel, but not completely get rid of historicism. Wang Chong proposed today is better than ancient, that the history of the development of its inexorable law, called the "hours" proposed "Let Born more than compete at the lack of order and disorder of the country's economic reasons, but the history the inevitability understanding fatalistic tendencies. Eastern Han Dynasty, Chung Nagamune deny the divine right of kings, his dynasty from the gloom and doom is a history of "large numbers" the face of the social crisis, hoping chaos after the "afterlife saints" reforming society. Han progressive thinkers recognize that history is progress, and noted that the impact of economic factors and the role of the people of the history and development of the pre-Qin evolutionary view of history.
⑤ Theory of Human Nature. The Han scholars further discussion on the basis of the pre-Qin Cosmic View humanity, Dong Zhongshu proposed sexual Mishina said that human nature is the natural qualification into the nature of the saints, the nature of the people, fighting Shau three kinds of major discussion on China of enlightenment that emotion and sexuality, advocated the cultivation system situation. Yang Xiong believe that "the nature of good and evil mixed, to repair its good compared to the good, to repair the evil compared to the wicked," and advocated the cultivation of goodness the feudal ethical standards to. Wang Chong from Genki theory that "intrinsic gas thickness, so the sex of good and evil." Generally immutable human nature of goodness and evil, "the nature of the human in Xi Yan. The Han Dynasty humanity ceded times is consistent with the social hierarchy.
